pdo = new PDO($dsn, $user, $password, [ PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION, PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => PDO::FETCH_ASSOC ]); } catch (PDOException $e) { die("Database connection failed: " . $e->getMessage()); } } public function query($sql, $params = []) { $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare($sql); $stmt->execute($params); return $stmt; } public function fetchAll($sql, $params = []) { return $this->query($sql, $params)->fetchAll(); } public function fetch($sql, $params = []) { return $this->query($sql, $params)->fetch(); } public function lastInsertId() { return $this->pdo->lastInsertId(); } }